Consequently, most surviving examples of the five Shihei Maps are manuscript, copied by hand and handed down in secret from generation to generation. Most of his works were subsequently seized and, along with their original woodblock printing plates, destroyed. Since his work was published without authorization from the bakufu (government), and criticized the Shogun's commerce with foreign powers, Hayashi fell out of favor. This later work included five important maps illustrating Japan, Korea, and the Ryukyu Islands, including Taiwan. Discussion concerning military matters of a maritime nation and the 1786 Sangoku Tsuran Zusetsu (Illustrated Description of Three Countries). He published several important books, including the 1791 Kaikoku Heidan (i.e. In particular he expressed concerns with the traditional role of the samurai as an independent warrior and stressed teamwork exercises, or choren. He lobbied the Tokugawa Shogunate for a strengthening of Japan's defenses and advocated supplementing traditional Samurai training with courses in Western military science. In particular he saw Russia's expansion into East Asia as a long term threat to Japanese sovereignty. Shihei was deeply concerned with the rise of western military and naval power. His name is sometimes misread (according to the Sino-Japanese reading) as Rin Shihei. Hayashi Shihei (AugJuly 28, 1793) was a Japanese military scholar, political theorist, and retainer of the Sendai Domain. It is considered one of the first modern attempts to define Japan compared to foreign nations, raising the question of external borders and the claim of some islands. It was one of the first Japanese works to relate Japan to its neighbors and as such was banned by the Edo government in 1792. Very rare contemporary manuscript map of Shuhei's famous Sangoku Tsuran Zusetsu (Illustrated General Survey of the Three Kingdoms), which describes Joseon Korea, the Ryukyu Kingdom, and Hokkaido-considered the most important geopolitical treatise of the period.
( Map with an Overall View of Three Kingdoms).
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